Testicular disorders (primary leydig cell dysfunction i.e. Hypoganadism), Chromosomal (Klinefelter syndrome and variants, XX male gonadal dysgenesis), Defects in androgen biosynthesis, Orchitis (mumps, HIV, other viral, ),Myotonia dystrophica, Toxins (alcohol, opiates, fungicides, insecticides, heavy metals, cotton seed oil), Drugs (cytotoxic drugs, ketoconazole, cimetidine, spironolactone)

3) Varicocele: varicocele is dilatation of scrotal vein in the scrotum that leads to rise in temperature of testis and raise testicular temperature, resulting in less sperm production & death of whatever sperms are produced.

4) Drugs (e.g. spironolactone, ketoconazole, cyclophosphamide, estrogen administration, sulfasalazine)

5) Autoimmunity i.e. presence of Antisperm antibody. These Antisperm antibodies bind with sperms & either make them less motile, totally immotile or even dead which is called necrospermia.

6) Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). Undescended testis is a condition when one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the lower part of scrotum during fetal development. Undescended testicles can lead to less sperm production. Because the testicles temperature increase due to the higher internal body temperature compared to the temperature in the scrotum, sperm production may be affected.

7) Mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome. In this disorder of the chromosomes, of the man is abnormal. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low sperm production. Testosterone production may be low or normal.

8) Viral Orchits as mumps or other viral infections.

9) Infections as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis involving testis or surrounding structures as epididymis.

10) Chronic systemic diseases as Liver diseases, Renal failure, Sickle cell disease, Celiac disease

11) Neurological disease as myotonic dystrophy

12) Development and structural defects as mild degree of Germinal cell hypo-plasia

13) Partial Androgen resistance

14) Mycoplasmal infection

15) Partial Immotile cilia syndrome

16) Partial Spermatogenic arrest due to interruption of the complex process of germ cell differentiation from spermatid level to the formation of mature spermatozoa results in decreased sperm count i.e. oligospermia. Its diagnosis is made by testicular biopsy. This is found in upto 30% of all cases of dead sperm patients.

17) Heat Exposure to testis: as febrile illness or exposure to hot ambience induces a abnormality in spermatogenesis.

19) Infection – as bacterial epididimo-orchitis, even in prostatis spermatogenic defect have been noted.

20) Hyper-thermia due to cryptorchidism

21) Chromosomal abnormality: has been found in many cases of low sperm count

22) Alcohol use, Cocaine or heavy marijuana use or Tobacco smoking may lower sperm count

23) Anti-sperm antibodies. In some people there occurs development of some abnormal blood proteins called anti-sperm antibodies, which binds with sperm and make them either immotile or dead or decrease their count.

24) Infections. Infection of uro-genital tract may affect sperm production. Repeated bouts of infections are one of the common causes associated with male infertility.

25) Klinefelter’s syndrome. In this disorder of the chromosomes, a man has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low or absent sperm production. Testosterone production also may be lower.

26) Trauma to testis

27) Environmental toxins: as Pesticides and other chemicals in food or as ayurvedic medicines.

28) Genetic Factors: as idiopathic partial hypo-gonadotropic hypogonadism Diagnosis of Cause of Dead Sperms

For correct diagnosis of cause of more of Dead sperm, we need detail history & physical examinations then certain relevant investigations are required.